Iberian Peninsula (Jammie, W 4:30)

Subsistence/Diet Iberian Peninsula (Jammie, W 4:30) - Cultural Anthropology @ KSU

In the years leading up to the mid fifteenth century, a devastating plague hit the Iberian Peninsula that decreased its population by over half. With the lack of readily available food sources, Enrique III forbid anyone to destroy grape vines or olive trees or to suffer the extreme consequences. However, the agricultural techniques of the Iberians allowed them to be able produce more food than was needed to feed their whole population.

Spain traded many goods and secrets with the rest of Europe and in exchange received many new crops including sugar cane, citrus fruits, cotton, artichokes, aubergines, and saffron. The Moors also introduced us to the production of rice. Outside of the wine and olive growing regions, bread became a large portion of the majority of food intake for the population of the Peninsula. The most common grain crops grown were wheat, millet, oats, rye, and barley, and the farmers of that time used the technique of crop rotation to not completely strip the land of its minerals.

The abundance of sheep, cattle, goats, horses, and pigs allowed the Peninsula to never be in shortage of protein, milk, leather, or plowing power for the fields. One of the largest items shipped for world export around the year 1450 was the wool of sheep from Spanish lords.

The large farm system and pastoral-subsistence economy created a sort of feudal system that led there to be many Moorish slaves to help the estate owners lead a luxurious lifestyle. The use of farm hands also came about, which were basically people that were not used as slaves but would hire themselves out to people for food, shelter, and/or money. This technique of working has been around for many generations.

Besides the Peninsula’s wealth of crops and feudalistic society, we also had a wide array of natural resources right at our fingertips including copper, gold, tin, silver, lead, iron, mercury, and alum. With these minerals, we were able to create first class swords and other necessary tools.

As Spain and Portugal became increasingly more powerful with their production of crops, maintenance of all sorts of livestock, processing new tools and weapons, and successful trade with other nations, we began to become of the stronger empires in the South West Hemisphere.

Iberian History
Ian Huyett

Tribal Iberian torque (neck ring).

The Iberians were an indigenous, tribal people native to what is now Spain and Portugal. After living under continuous slavery and oppression for over a thousand years, from around 200 BC to the time of this simulation, the Iberians of 1450 know little of independence and sovereignty and have yet to make their mark as a great civilization.

Although Queen Isabella I will eventually lead Spain towards becoming the greatest military power on the planet, a title it will hold for over a century, the nation of Spain will not truly exist until 1492, and Isabella herself will not be born until 1451.

Origins
Iberian Peninsula (Jammie, W 4:30) - Cultural Anthropology @ KSU

35,000 year old Iberian cave painting

Iberians are an ethnically European population genetically related to the Italians, Irish, British, French, Germans, and Swiss. Early Iberians were Cro-Magnons that migrated south across the Pyrenes roughly 35,000 years ago. Unlike the tropical foraging environments where humans first developed, harsh winters forced these travelers to build shelter, hunt cooperatively, and practice parental investment.

In 1879, a 9 year old girl discovered the Altamira paintings while playing in caves owned by her father. The images of buffalo were drawn by early Iberians and are roughly 35,000 years old.

Before 200 BC, Iberians were divided into tribes much like those of Native Americans. They were accomplished metalworkers who distinguished themselves with ornamental neck rings, or torques. Iberians lived in decentralized communities that practiced herding and agriculture.

Slavery

The invasion of Spain by Moors.

From 200 BC onward, many Iberians were conquered and enslaved in their own land by foreign powers. Twice, Iberians were enslaved by African Empires. They were enslaved first by the Carthaginian Empire begenning in 200 BC and contintuing throughout the Punic Wars, and primarily by the Moorish Empire for a period of 800 years.

The Reconquista, which began in 718 under the leadership of Pelagius and concluded in 1492 with the official formation of Spain, liberated Iberia from foreign rule.

Until 1780, Iberians made up a large number of the indigenous Europeans enslaved by the African Barbary States in quarries, construction yads, and corsair galleys.

Spain

Detail from Our Lady of the Fly.

In 1450, the Iberians are in the process of driving out their former Moorish rulers and reclaiming their independence. The Nasrid Dynasty in the Kingdom of Granada is the last stronghold of Moorish authority.

In 1492, the last Moorish ruler, Muhammad XII, surrendered to Isabella I, Queen of the Iberian kingdom of Castile. Isabella's promotion of Spanish cultural unity, and her marriage to Ferdinand II or Aragon, brought Spain together under a common national indentity.

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From 1740 to 1790, Spain controlled the fourth largest empire in human history.

Ridley Scott's depiction of the Spanish Empire.
Language By: Jenny Buckner
The main language of the Iberian Peninsula is Spanish which originated in Spain and spread throughout the region. Spanish has been found to date back to the middle of the 10th century; it was brought to the area “by the soldiers and colonists of ancient Rome. Latin is the original source of the Spanish language, but there were many different factors and languages that shaped it to be what it is. There was Muslim control in the Iberian Peninsula at this time which helped mold the language, as well as immigrants from France, Italy, and various Native American languages. There are many different dialects in the Spanish language which create subtle variations from place to place, a bit like American English and European English. The difference is mainly found in vocabulary not construction or grammar. Although there are so many, “the Castilian dialect was already the accepted standard of the language by the middle of the 13th century, largely owing to the political importance of Castile.” As mentioned before, the Spanish language has been found to date back to mid 10th century, but it did not spread completely around the region until mid 11th century. Spanish did not become the entire country’s official language until the 15th century when “the kingdoms of Castile, Leon, and Aragon merged." Because Spanish is a romance language, it has quite a bit in common with English, Italian, French, and many others, but there are still important differences. The alphabet, for instance, has three more letters than the English alphabet:

Spanish Alphabet:	F: efe	L: ele	P: pe	U: u
A: a	G: ge	LL: elle	Q: cu	V: ve
B: be	H: hache	M: eme	R: ere	W: uve doble
C: ce	I: i	N: ene	RR: erre	X: equis
D: de	J: jota	Ñ: eñe	S: ese	Y: i griega
E: e	K: ka	O: o	T: te	Z: zeta

The pronunciations are given along with the letters, but to clarify how the extra letters are used, here are some examples: mañana, meaning tomorrow, the ñ makes the word sound like man-ya-na instead of man-an-a; orgullo, meaning pride, the ll makes the sound of a y, but this is also one of the examples of words differentiating between dialects. In some Spanish speaking countries this letter still sounds like an l. b’s and v’s are very often confused in Spanish because v’s usually make more of a b sound than the typical sound a v makes, for example, the wordsvaca and uve which mean cow and grape respectively are pronounced, baca and oobay. In addition to these different sounds, the j makes a very soft sound like an h; for example, in Spanish the color red is rojo which is pronounced ro-ho.

Society

The inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula in 1450 lived in a stratified society. Iberian society was divided into three estates. The highest estate consisted of the clergy, next was nobility and the lowest estate was the working class. There was not much room for moving between classes as ruling titles were passed down patrilineally. Those in the upper classes wanted to maintain the "purity" of the upper class so working people were shut out from advancing in class. It was believed that the social structure was put in place by God, and therefore a person was obligated to maintain their social status. One quote seems to sum it up best "The first thing a man can do is to know his estate and to maintain it as he should; and the greatest error a man can make is not to know or keep his estate." (Hillgarth 1976, 47) There were many rules designed to keep people within their place in society. For example, certain styles of dress were restricted to the upper classes and peasants would have to seek permission to dress like the upper class. (Hillgarth1976, 48).

Kinship in the Iberian peninsula is similar to what we have in America today. Parents, grandparents and sibling were considered your close family and uncles, aunts and cousins were more distant. One interesting thing about relations was that marriage was forbidden amongst people related by marriage or between godparents and their children and the godchild's children. They were considered close enough relatives that it wasn't right to marry them. (Gerli 2003, 544-545)

Inheritances were often given primarily to one heir with a small portion being split up amongst other heirs. Heirs were generally legitimate children of the deceased but could be other relatives. Illegitimate children were allowed to inherit if there were no legitimate heirs. Eventually primogeniture became the preferred method of inheritance. They believed this system helped to keep the upper class strong and held together. (Gerli 2003, 552)

By 1450 Christianity was again the main religion in the Iberian peninsula. Jews and Muslims were persecuted. They were generally allowed to practice their religion but were denied opportunities in other areas of life. They were limited in political and economic power. Upper class Christians formed religious and social groups that were only accessible to them. This created more camaraderie amongst them and helped to keep the current hierarchy intact. Often religious converts could be looked down upon. Even though a Jew who converted was a Christian, they weren't always treated the same as a person born into Christianity. (Chapman 1918)

Sex, Love, Marriage and Family Life

The Iberian Peninsula was known to be a more puritanical region because of the strict catholic religion and conservatism. Sex before marriage was considered a taboo and premarital virginity was a core value. Many of the wealthier fathers believed in the virginity complex in which they kept the women of their family secluded at home only to leave the house for restricted courtships. If the man she was to marry was not the women’s first partner the marriage was very unlikely. Before marriage women believed that babies came from Paris, a story similar to the story about the stork bringing the children.

It was not uncommon for men to find a sexual outlet in brothels. These were eventually made illegal but authorities considered them “houses of tolerance” Marriages usually depended on social class and regional differences. The highest social classes usually participated in “particularized homogenous mating” which only allowed a limited number of kinships within a class to marry. These couples were usually known to have the same wealths and attitudes towards politics and values. Proletariat and peasant families could not afford to keep their women in the house and not working because of this it was much more common for these women to engage in premarital sex. In the lower classes, women had more influence on family decisions.

Many males would emigrate so the households would be mother-centered and men would be identified as their mother’s child (ex. Beth’s David). In the northern parts of this region land was distributed more evenly amongst the people as compared to the large difference in classes in the southern region. In the south there was a large difference between those who owned land and those that worked it. Compared to the land owners, the people working the land had weaker family ties and it was not uncommon for couples to live together without being married. The more wealthy families usually lived in more complex households that included the nuclear family as well as other residents such as godparents or aunts and uncles.

Iberian Peninsula Politics
By C. Hannah Kientz

Before the 14th century, Muslim emirates controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula. Both Spain and Portugal were ruled under monarchists in uncentralized government systems. The territory of Spain had been taken over under Roman, Visigothic, and Arab rules. However, the marriage of the monarchs of Castile and Aragon was the first step to political unification. From 1480 to 1525, Hispanic power such as Catholic Monarchs and Charles V increased. A marriage between Aragon and Castile united the kingdoms while Granada, Naples, and Navarre were under Castilian or Aragonese rule. Isabella I of Castile the first ruled jointly with Ferdinand II of Aragon from 1474 to 1504, both ruled under Catholic belief. Queen Isabella was known for changing several years of history during her reign.

Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragon
Iberian Peninsula (Jammie, W 4:30) - Cultural Anthropology @ KSU

One of the longest known throne occupations in Portugal was occupied by Afonso V from 1438 to 1481. This history in this time period has been severely neglected. Many believe Afonso V had been the first Portugal king to create a royal library. He was said to enjoy music and art. During this era, noble power was sad to have increased. In Portugal, power was in the hands of a few great magnates such as Prince Henrique and successful dukes of Braganca. Through the 13th and 16th centuries, Portugal was the most powerful empire of its time. They had territory in the African eastern coast and also claimed the discovery of Brazil. In May of 1475, Afonso went to claim Castile with a small army in an attempt to marry Juana, Queen of Castile. However, several of the natives of Castile did not want a Portuguese King. Afonso’s army fought Castile in 1476 but failed and no other attempts were made to control Portugal and Castile under a Portuguese monarchy with military force. When Afonso died in 1481, his son João II, only 26 years old at the time, took throne. João’s reign was short but is known as one of the most influential times in Portugal’s history because of the progress made in oversea expansion. The power of monarchy grew significantly in this time as well. The people expected Joao II to be controlling and demanding. They wrote a list of grievances and desired liberties but the list was shot down by King João II. Instead of giving them more liberties, he made demands. He ordered that “all grants of land, lordships, and jurisdictional privileges now require confirmation” and that “magnates or other leaders must swear their allegiance to him.”

In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain began to move slowly away from feudalism towards a more centralized government. However, this process moved slowly and was difficult. Many of the people, such as magnates or successful dukes made note that the king’s law was “supreme, universal, and binding.” They created a fundamental authority for Portugal called the Ordenações Afonsinas. Progress of centralization increased significantly when the king created the ability to raise revenue. Because debt piled up from wars, the king could tax the people to pay off the debt. The king holds all the power in decision making with help of magnates or important members in the community as well. However, most of the authority fell in the hands of the Kings. An important part of Portugal’s history was the Golden Age, when Portugal was a significant empire. People at this time were said to be optimistic and happy and several look at the Golden Age with nostalgia because it was the best time for Portugal. King Manuel reigned in this age from 1495 to 1521.

Punishment

All were forced to convert to Catholicism and those who didn't were burned at the stake. A decree was created for the expulsions of all Jews in Spain. Thousands of Spanish Jews fled but some stayed and converted to Christianity. Court systems were set up with lawyers and run by important magnates or dukes within the community. The magnates or dukes were ordered to follow the King’s rules and laws and use them to establish a punishment for criminals. Those who were accused and convicted usually sought the death penalty and were either hung or burned at the stake.

Religion Shane Hahn

The Iberian Peninsula is mostly made up three main religions. The three religions are Catholicism, Judaism, and Islamic. All three of these religions believe are monotheistic, which is the belief of one god. They each have one sacred source that they look to on how to live their lives. The Catholics have the Holy Bible, the Jews have the Torah, and the Muslims have the Koran.

The Muslims, called Moors, came to settle in the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and ruled at least some part of it until Granada fell in 1492 to the Catholics. Their empire was known as Al-Andalus. Under the Muslim doctrine it stated that other religions should be tolerated, but the rulers rarely followed it. The Muslims followed the tradition of Koran and the Five Pillars of Islam.

The Jewish population living in the Iberian Peninsula had hard time under Muslim and Catholic rule. In the 12th and 13th century, Jews used the term convivencia, which means “living together with others” (Thames & Hudson1992: 33). They lived in close knit communities where they followed the teachings of the Torah. They played a significant role in the in the financial system. They would become bankers and lend money to people and businesses, even archbishops and bishops of the Catholic Church. This is one reason why most Catholics and Muslims resented them. During the time Inquisition or know to Jews as the expulsion, they had to convert to Catholicism, leave the country, or die. Most of the Jews, who had the money to flee, did so leaving the rest of the Jews to convert. Even after they converted they were still looked down upon for not being truly Catholic. Groups of Jews still practiced Judaism in secret.

The main religion of this area is Catholicism. It became the main religion when it took all the territories away from Moorish rule starting in the 13th century. The leaders of the time were Fernando and Isabel, who were Catholic monarchs. Even as leaders, they still recognized that the Pope had full spiritual authority over their kingdom. Even though the Pope was looked at as a leader, the Catholic Church was taxed more than anything else to help pay for the kingdoms conquests. The Spanish Inquisition was brought about after Catholicism took control and wanted to get rid of all Jewish and Moorish residents. They did this by either forcing them to convert or forcing them to emigrate to somewhere else. In the socio-political aspect of the church, anybody of any social background could become a clergyman. The highest positions in the church were always reserved for men with aristocratic background. Most clergymen acted the same as most of the ordinary citizens and just like in most leadership roles there is corruption. The Catholic Church tied to deal with it by providing more education instead raising the morals. The clergy were not around just to preach but they actually fought alongside the military especially against the Muslims. There is a famous saying fighting against Muslims, “praying to god and striking with the mace” (Payne 1984: 29).

King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella
Iberian Peninsula (Jammie, W 4:30) - Cultural Anthropology @ KSU

The practices of the Catholic Church are similar to that of today. The morals are based values in the Holy Bible spelled out in the Ten Commandments. Their goal on Earth is to someday make it to heaven when they die, if they lived a good life while alive. They trust in their political leaders because they are also Catholic and pay homage to the Pope. The religious practices of this time are the sacraments, going to mass when the weather is favorable, giving confession and receiving communion once a year, and praying. Most Catholics know how to pray the Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Pater Noster (Our Father), and a bedtime prayer. They also pray to a number of saints for all different reasons. Each saint they pray to is for a different reason. They also pray to shrines and statutes of different important religious figures. When somebody is ill and likely to die they call for a priest to come give the last rights to the ill person to help them get into heaven. When they die there is a funeral, where a priest will come and say prayers over the body. The culture believes that whatever happens will happen because it is God’s will.

Ritual Emily Gerling

In the Iberian Peninsula there were three dominant religions going on during the sixteenth Century. They were Catholicism, Judaism, and Islam. Each religion had their own traditions and rituals that the people carried out according to their beliefs.

Catholicism was the dominant religion of the area and a majority of the people practiced it in and around the Iberian Peninsula. The main rituals that Catholicism carries out are the Mass on the holy day, Sunday, and the seven sacraments.

15th Century Mass

- Baptism

o The religious rite of sprinkling water onto a person's forehead or of immersion in water, symbolizing purification or regeneration and admission to the Christian Church. In many denominations, baptism is performed on young children and is accompanied by name-giving.

- Eucharist

o The service of Christian worship at which bread and wine are consecrated and shared. See Eucharist.

- Reconciliation

o The Sacrament of Reconciliation is a common name used for the Sacrament of Confession. Whereas "Confession" stresses the action of the believer in the sacrament, "Reconciliation" stresses the action of God, who uses the sacrament to reconcile us to Himself by restoring sanctifying grace in our souls. Confirmation

- Marriage

o The formal union of a man and a woman, typically recognized by law, by which they become husband and

- Holy Orders

o the sacrament or rite of ordination as a member of the Christian clergy, esp. in the grades of bishop, priest, or deacon.

- Anointing of the Sick

o a Catholic sacrament; a priest anoints a dying person with oil and prays for salvation

Many of the people tried to live out these sacraments and the other virtues and religious texts that they have throughout their daily life. The Catholics of the Iberian Peninsula believed that you are birthed, married, and then you died, all according to the Catholic Church. You would be baptized, have marriage, then anointing of the sick. People would set their schedules around the Catholic Church bells, and sometimes the country would shut down for the ninety holy days out of the year, because you should not be able to work on a holy day.
Going to mass is one of the fundamental ideologies of the Catholic Church that every catholic should do. Mass is the Christian Eucharist or Holy Communion, esp. in the Roman Catholic Church. People would celebrate Holy Communion and consume the Eucharist.

Other practices that the Catholics performed were
- Penance
- Canonization and veneration of Saints
- Devotion to Mary
- Praying the Rosary
- Pilgrimages
- Stations of the Cross
- Exorcism
- Funerals

Another religion in practice in the Iberian Peninsula is Judaism. There was a great number of Jewish sects living out in the country of the Iberian Peninsula, they too surrounding their work and living day around their practices and rituals. The main rituals and customs of Judaism are Iberian Peninsula (Jammie, W 4:30) - Cultural Anthropology @ KSU

15th Century Passover meal

- The Mitzvot

o A good deed or commandment

o The 613 Commandments

- Rabbinic Law

o Laws or rules that the Rabbis, their religious leader, uses for the people.

- The Synagogue

o the building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for religious worship and instruction

- Jewish Worship and Prayer

o Recitation of prayers is the central characteristic of Jewish worship

- Keeping Kosher

o (of food, or premises in which food is sold, cooked, or eaten) satisfying the requirements of Jewish law

The Jews, in their daily life, celebrated many holidays such as Yom Kippur, Passover, Hanukkah and Succoth. The Jewish lifestyle was a hard one, because of the inquisition in 1478. The Jewish heritage was said to have be kept alive thought the faithfulness of the women of the time, even when people “converted” they still practiced in secret of their homes. The Jewish people were looked down upon, because during those times the Iberian Peninsula was “wholly unified”, meaning under one religion, and if you weren’t apart of that religion you were an outsider.

The Next religion that was dominant in the Iberian Peninsula was Islam. Islam has a fewer rituals that people carried out, but they still have a great importance. The main rituals of Muslims are

15th Century Moors

- Confessions of Faith

o There is no God but Allah, and is prophet Muhammad

every Muslim must be able to recite this and believe in it wholeheartedly. This is the entirety of Islam’s foundation.

- Ritual Prayer

o Ritual Prayer is that all Muslims must pray five times a day in the direction towards Mecca.

• Dawn

• Midday

• Afternoon

• Sunset

• Evening

- Alms Tax

o All Muslims who can make an allotted amount have to pay taxes to those other Muslims who can not. Alms.

- Fasting during the month of Ramadan

o On the ninth month of the Islamic calendar all Muslims are to refrain from eating, drink, sexual intercourse in the daylight.

it’s a thanksgiving to the revelation of the Qur’an

- Pilgrimages to Mecca

o Once in a Muslim’s life time, they must take a pilgrimage to the sacred city of Islam, Mecca.

These make up the five pillars of Islam. As I’ve read during these times it was forbidden for any Moors to be living in the peninsula unless you were a salve. During the inquisition many of the Moors dabbled with Christianity but found it to hard and confusing to take.

Music

Music in the Iberian Peninsula has never really been studied/researched. The main reason that their kinda of music hasn't been studied is because it is all in manuscript which is difficult to see or understand. But what they have found out is that most of the music is sacred and was directed to religious and political things. Furthermore, they have found that they also listen to some theatrical music, but other than that they haven't found anything more on music in this region.

Iberian Art Samantha Kraft

The history of art in the Iberian Peninsula shows an influence by many different factors of this culture as well as an influence of many different factors within the culture. Prior to 1450, the Iberian Peninsula was influenced by the Moors, that is Muslims who conquered parts of Spain throughout the Middle Ages. The Moorish style of art was known as mudejar, which combined plain, flat surfaces with elaborate decorations. This style was evident in Iberian art and architecture, such as the Alhambra Palace built in Granada, Spain in 1358 which is embellished with intricate carvings (Novelguide 2004).
Iberian Peninsula (Jammie, W 4:30) - Cultural Anthropology @ KSU

Detailed carvings in the walls of the Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain.

In the 1400s, the art of the Iberian Peninsula was influenced greatly by the social, political, and religious struggles going on at that time. As a result of the marriage and joint rule of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, support for Catholicism rose which in turn created an intolerance of Jews and Muslims which led to their expulsion (“Iberian Peninsula” 2000). With the Muslim influence fading, the artistic culture of the Iberian Peninsula shifted. The Muslim art influence still existed somewhat but it began to be incorporated with more Northern, European elements of the Gothic style, which is a style of architecture characterized by pointed arches, high, thin walls supported by flying buttresses, as well as bright colors and intricate detail. They used the environment, that is, the bright, Iberian sunlight, to highlight the intricacies and details of their outer walls and courtyards (Novelguide 2004).

The mudejar work of the Iberian Peninsula that influenced the sculpture and architecture slowly influenced and developed into a style called platersco. This style is a type of work that resembles the work of the silversmiths, which highlights complex carvings and designs. The platersco style even had an impact on the Iberian churches of that time. One artistic element of the churches was the retable, which is an elaborately decorated, high alter. The majority of retables were largely constructed alters that contained indentations filled with paintings, statues, and even carved religious figures (Novelguide 2004).

This is an example of a retable within a church.

Also during this time in the Iberian Peninsula, there were many cultural factors that influenced the type of art and paintings done by artists. First, oil paints became popular due to the northern European influence. The values expressed through the paintings of the Iberian artists at this time often reflected the harshness and cruelness of their lives due to the violent atmosphere created by the expulsion of Jews and Muslims. Their art also reflected their religion in that paintings were of biblical scenes. Another influence came as a result of the rise in overseas exploration at that time too. Exploration expanded to such areas as Africa, India, and the Americas. The contact made with the exotic people of these regions was an influence on the artists of this time as well.

The 16th century brought on a new era of art, the Renaissance style. During the Renaissance, Spain and Portugal were both influenced by the cultural movements in other parts of Europe, especially that of Italy. They received this influence due to the appearance of many great Italian artists, like Raphael. Also, education also had an impact on art because many artists went to Italy to study and upon their return would use what they learned in Italy to shape the art of the Iberian Peninsula, such as the painter Pedro Berruguete from Spain (Novelguide 2004).

Iberian Peninsula (Jammie, W 4:30) - Cultural Anthropology @ KSU

The Carlos V Palace attached to the Alhambra in Granada that was designed
by Pedro Machuca, an Italian-trained architect of Spain, which combines both
the ancient Roman style and the Italian Renaissance style.

In Portugal specifically, in the 17th century, a type of type of tile production called azulejos developed in which tiles were lavishly decorated with detailed paint designs. These tiles were used to decorate furniture, floors, fountains, and walls both inside and out.

Checkered azulejos on the front of the Igreja Matriz de Cabra
in Vouzela, Portugal demonstrates the azulejos style.

Moving ahead to the end of the 18th century, even though the Iberian Peninsula had gone through a long period of political turmoil, the region of Spain continued to emerge as a prominent leader of modernism in the arts and architecture. Art was definitely influenced during this time in such ways as how it was affected by the political practices. This is seen in the paintings of Francisco de Goya y Lucientes, in his paintings called The Second of May and The Third of May, in which he commemorates Spain’s uprising against the French.

The Second of May

The Third of May

Coming into present time, as a result of the Spanish Civil War and the control held by the Franco regime, Spain experienced a period of slowed art production due to the economic and politic isolation of the region, and the art pieces there were created demonstrated an academic style that was sanctioned by the government so that it would be consistent with the government's political beliefs of that time. Artists were even exiled during this period. Great painters eventually emerged from this area though, such as the well known Pablo Picasso who began his artistic career in Barcelona, Spain. Finally, in the mid-20th century, the time period known as Art Nouveau, or “New Art,” developed, where inspiration was taken from the natural world. As the century progressed, inspiration for art shifted from the natural world to the emergence of Surrealist art production, of which was the type of art that Picasso was known as the forerunner of because of the classic themes, antiquity, and anguished irony of his art (“Picasso, Pablo” 2008). Inspiration from American and European Pop art then became prominent which was used as a means to rebel against the Franco regime. The final shift in the Iberian Peninsula came in the 1970s when the Spanish dictatorship and Portuguese fascism both ended and the countries were then able to mainstream in with the world economy which enabled them to be active contributors to contemporary art of today's time (“Iberian Peninsula 2000).

Iberian Peninsula
Core Values
By Daniel Blevins

Religion

Historical Background on Religion

In the 12th century, Alfonso VI the leader of the Iberian Peninsula was fighting against the Muslim kingdoms because he wanted to run the southern part of the Peninsula as well. With some help by the French and Alfonso’s two sons-in-law he conquered the southern part, and ended up given what is Spain now to the older of the two sons and Portugal to the younger son.

The Christians had been in the region for nearly four centuries, and Christianity was the dominant religion despite the Muslims arrival in the Iberian Peninsula in the early Eighth century AD. The Muslim invaders of the Iberian Peninsula were not concerned about converting the Christian majority population and the much smaller Jewish population to their Islamic faith. Rather the Muslims had a relatively relaxed political regime in the Iberian Peninsula and their period of rule has been generally considered to have a positive impact upon the cultural development of Portugal as well as Spain.

Religion in the Iberian Peninsula was the foundation on how they lived there life. According to what religion had the upper hand on things that’s how the country would run. Christians, Catholics, Muslims, and Jews all had a chance at the Iberian Peninsula but eventually Christians decided that their values and their beliefs should be the ones that are known forever in the Iberian Peninsula.

Read more: http://socyberty.com/history/the-relations-between-christians-and-muslims-on-the-iberian-peninsula/#ixzz13NoNDUkN

Trade

Trade was another core value in the Iberian Peninsula during the 1450’s. During this time famous explores like Christopher Columbus set sail to find new trade routes to Asia. When the word got out others started following in his footsteps.
Portuguese would send fisher men far out into the Atlantic to fish for codfish that were in high demand during this time in Portugal.

Works Cited

Politics
A.R. Disney. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire Volume 1 Portugal. 2009. DP517.D57 V.
De Braganca Cunha. Eight Centuries of Portguese Monarchy. 1911. DP539B8
C. Neal Tate. Governments of the World: A global guide to citizens’ rights and responsibilities Volume 4. 2006. JA61.G645
José Javier Ruiz. Monarchy as Conquest: Violence, Social Opportunity, and Political Stability in the Establishment of the Hispanic Monarchy. The journal of Modern History. 2009. Vol 81. Iss 3

Media/Technology
Altamira Rafael, 1968, A History Of Spanish Civilization, A11900 758716.
Hillgarth J.N., 1978 Oxford, Clarendon Press, The Spanish Kingdoms 1250-1516, A13406 637426.
Gerli Michael, 2003, Medieval Iberia An Encyclopedia, A12400 904859.

Education/Child-Rearing
Hecht, Tobias. 2007. Editorial on “Raising an Empire: Children in the Modern Iberia and Colonial Latin America
Waley, Daniel. Denley, Peter. 2001. Late Medieval Europe 1250 – 1520.
Willis, John Elliott. 2009. The world from 1450 to 1700.

Gender
Francoeur, Robert T. The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. New York: Continuum, 1997. Print.
Francoeur, Robert T. The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality. Vol. 3. New York: Continuum, 1999. Print.
Nader, Helen. Power and Gender in Renaissance Spain: Eight Women of the Mendoza Family, 1450-1650. Urbana: University of Illinois, 2004. Print.
"YouTube - Ella Es El Matador (She Is the Matador)." YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. PBS, 25 Aug. 2009. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTESVekSkJA&feature=related.
(2009). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/heliconhe/spanish_language
(2008). In The Columbia Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/columency/spanish_language
(2006). In Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ebconcise/spanish_language
Greystone Press, 1963, The Illustragted Library of the World and Its Peoples: Spain Portugal Andorra and Gibralter, DP 17. W6.
Office of the Secretary of State for Information and Tourism, History of Portugal, DP 538P6.
Pierson, Peter, 1999, The History of Spain, DP 66.P53 1999.

Subsistence

Berkin, Carol. "Making America: A History of the ..." Google Books. Web. 04 Oct. 2010. http://books.google.com/books?id=cyEI21RClZkC&pg=PA9&dq=iberian peninsula fifteenth century tools&hl=en&ei=f1mpTO6NLoOdlgekx9X3DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=iberian peninsula fifteenth century tools&f=false.

Gross, Abraham. "Chapter 3." Struggling with Tradition: Reservations about Active Martyrdom in the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 45-86. Print.

Lindo, E. H. History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal. New York: Burt Franklin, 1970. Print.

"People and Their Diet." Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Web. 04 Oct. 2010. http://www.ianr.unl.edu/kendrick/411/people-s00.html.

Society
E. Michael Gerli, 2003, Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia DP99 .M33 2004
J.N. Hillgarth 1976, The Spanish Kingdoms 1250-1516 Vol. 1 DP 99 H5
Charles E. Chapman 1918, A History of Spain DP 68 A48

Religion
Hugh Kennedy, 1996, Muslim Spain and Portugal, DP102 .K46
Stanley G. Payne, 1984, Spanish Catholicism, BX1583 .P29
Thames and Hudson, 1992, Spain and the Jews, DS135 .S7 S62
William A. Christian Jr., 1981, Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain, BV5091 .V6

Ritual

Callahan, Wiliam J. Church, Politics, and Society in Spain 1750 - 1874. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1984. Print.

Christian Jr., William A. Local Religion in Sixteen - Century Spain. Princeton, New Jersy: Princeton UP, 1981. Print.

Haliczer, Stephen. Inquisition and Society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478 - 1834. Los Angeles, California: Regents of the University of California, 1990. Print.

Payne, Stanley G. Spanish Catholicism: A Historical Overview. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin, 1984. Print.

Photograph. Jewish Passover Ceremony, from 15th Century Missal. Web. 01 Nov. 2010. <http://imagecache6.allposters.com/LRG/40/4009/N8IWF00Z.jpg>.

Photograph. Moors. Find Target. Web. 01 Nov. 2010. <http://reference.findtarget.com/search/Moors/>.

Photograph. Wikipedia. Web. 01 Nov. 2010. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pontifical_Mass_-_15th_Century_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16531.jpg>.

Religion, World Religions, Comparative Religion - Just the Facts on the World's Religions. Web. 01 Nov. 2010. <http://www.religionfacts.com/>.

Art
"Iberian Peninsula, 1400 A.D.–present". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=11®ion=eusi (October 2004).

Novelguide. Art in Spain and Portugal. Charles Scribner’s Sons, Princeton, NJ:2004. 1 Nov. 2010 <http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/rens_01/rens_01_00039.html>.

"Picasso, Pablo." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 03 November 2010.

Family
E.J. Rodgers Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture DP233.5 E63 2002 New York, NY http://family.jrank.org/pages/1291/Portugal.html

Core Values
Read more: http://socyberty.com/history/the-relations-between-christians-and-muslims-on-the-iberian-peninsula/#ixzz13NoNDUkN

jennybuckner	Latest page update: made by jennybuckner , Dec 15 2010, 9:06 PM EST (about this update About This Update Edited by jennybuckner 467 words added view changes - complete history)
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layman

Hey guys!

Nov 13 2010, 1:01 PM EST by layman

Thread started: Nov 13 2010, 1:01 PM EST Watch

I really like the "revolutionary" thinking of this group! Here are a few things to keep in mind:

Technically speaking, you will not need to colonize for survival. However, just like in the real world, if you want to be able to have cool stuff (and let's face it, who doesn't want a fruitloop necklace?), you're going to have to work with people who have those resources. You may be able to engage in peaceful trade, but of course, if they don't know how valuable their resources are, then it'll work out much better for you.

That said, it's totally up to you where you guys take it. But remember that the Iberians, as colonizers, colonized for a reason. Try to understand what that reason might be with respect to the situation they were in around this time period.

Additionally, it might be helpful to brainstorm some basic rules of conduct (e.g. proxemics, who does the speaking with other cultures, etc.), and anything fun or interesting you guys might want to do to otherwise represent your culture (I think Australia's bringing a didgeridoo, for example).

If you guys have any cool ideas about any and everything worldsim, here would be the place to discuss them!

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IanHuyett

Decisions.

Nov 10 2010, 8:36 PM EST by IanHuyett

Thread started: Nov 10 2010, 8:36 PM EST Watch

How do you think we should conduct ourselves in the world?

As Iberians, we've been colonized by the Carthaginians, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors. We've also watched all four empires collapse because, in their hunger for power, they overextended. We should know better than anyone the dangers of imperialism. As students, we know that colonial powers in past simulations ended up paying for their mistakes. So let's not make the same mistakes.

It doesn't sounds like we'll really need to trade at all, but if we do happen to trade, it can't hurt. We can focus on self-defense and finding hidden cards until we see an opportunity to act and change the course of the simulation.

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chelsaca

my name is...

Sep 22 2010, 10:55 AM EDT by Jamin21

Thread started: Sep 16 2010, 2:07 AM EDT Watch

Chelsa Anderson! :)

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Mongolia (Jammie, F 12:30)	Hey guys!	Decisions.
Mongolian Media & Technology	Media/Tech Brainstorm Outline for future essay/presentation	my name is...
Names	The Bagheera (Frankie's 3:30)	Subsistence and Exchange of Evanave
Phanat Nikhom (Frankie's 4:30)	Koobecaf ethnography

Iberian Peninsula (Jammie, W 4:30)

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