Neolithic Revolution

Increased population -> more permanent and larger settlements -> division of labor -> more elaborate governments (chiefdoms, states).

Spread (of culture, farming, and domesticating limited by the environment)

1. Most agriculture developed along the Tropic of Cancer
2. Draft animals and other technologies spread east - west through wide continent
3. Horticulture thrives in fertile tropical areas
4. Pastoralism develops on the edge of food cultivation areas...or where food cultivation thrived but now fails
5. Foraging has been pushed to sparse environment.

Trends from foraging to Industrialism

• Increasing population
• Greater production, surplus, and wealth
• Greater diversity of products
• Greater diversity of jobs

but...

• Less efficiency
• Increased social inequality
• Increased economic inequality
• Increased social conflict
• Increased labor demand

Spaceship Earth
Was the Neolithic Revolution humankinds greatest accomplishment, or our greatest mistake?

Cultivation continuum A continuum based on the comparative study of nonindustrial cultivating societies in which labor intensity increases and fallowing decreases.

The Nacerima Myth of Homo Economics All humans are selfish and seek to maximize their own material gain.

Modes of Distribution and Exchange

1. Reciprocity - trade without money (Foraging/Horticulture)
2. Redistribution - everything is in one spot
3. Market Exchange

Reciprocity (3 types)

1. Generalized (inner circle)- not expecting anything back
2. Balanced (allies)- keep track and expect a pay back
3. Negative (outsiders)- may try to take advantage of

In cultures that do not have reciprocity the focus in not on material things but on the relationship and on forming relationships.
Redistribution

• A form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated

• Example of Redistribution: Kaiyep Kulip
  • Kaiyep Kulip is a feast that my friends in Papua New Guinea do whenever there is too much kaiyep (pandanus fruit) around. One village area challenges another village area to try to eat all the food they eat. This is a form of redistribution because large amounts of resources are pooled into one and then redistributed to others.

• Kaiyep Kulip think "Look how much we can give you!" NOT "look how much we have"

Market Exchange
The buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand.
Agriculture/ Industrialism
Why Market Exchange?
agriculture -->increased population --> specialization/division of labor -->need frequent and formalized exchanges --> market exchange

Coca-Colonization
"the world buys happiness in a bottle."

Why the market expands (including "tricks of the trade") Why the Market Expands

1. Seeking more customers (demand)
2. Locals need money
3. Locals sell land and time (labor)
4. People become reliant on the market (video--1986: Coke prepares to take over the world)

Tricks of the Trade

• Free or cheap intro of product
• • example: The Tourag of Sahara Desert
• Eliminate local alternatives
• • example: convincing PNG they need rice! not sweet potatoes
• Create desire; make them consumers
  • example: In China they targeted kids to get them to drink coke instead of tea. "you can achieve happiness through consumption"

Characteristics of consumer culture

• Advertisements help define our identities and our own happiness

• You in a sense buy your identity/status by buying items and wearing them or consuming them

• Height of buildings is where we place our values
• Church
• Government
• Corporations

• "Consume to relate" (rather than relate to consume) (Church of Consumption)

• In, America we buy things so we can make relationships. Ex. you drink a coke or shop at American Eagle to tell people who you are. You wear the names of your identity.
• In PNG, they make relationships so they can buy things.

New forms of Production?

	Market	Non-market
Centralized	Firms	Government, non-profit
De-Centralized	Price System	Ex: ?

Sex, Marriage, and Love Sex Taboos- we regulate sex by time, age, and gender Incest Taboo: universal. but different everywhere History of the terms, "homosexuality" and "heterosexuality"

• Terms invented as medical terms in late 1800's
• Webster's 1923: "homosexuality: morbid sexual passion for one of the same sex"
• "Heterosexuality: morbid sexual passion for one of the opposite sex"
• 1934: "heterosexuality: normal sexuality"
• Homosexuality became a mental illness and a perversion.
• Cultural values will lead you to how you view homosexuality & heterosexuality.

1960's: Kinsey Reports changes homosexuality from a mental illness to a state of sexuality Homosexuality in

Papua New Guinea / Gebusi Story about drum dances in Papua New Guinea, which are very erotic. The lyrics of these songs are: Men: "Cut the grass, cut the grass" (meaning, "women, cut your skirts off") Women: "Make me piles of firewood in the garden, prepare for me to come." (meaning, prepare the garden for our sexual meeting there) While Wesch was dancing: "Whiteman stop dancing and pour us some tea to drink." People of New Guinea do not all engage in homosexuality, but women are not able to have sex for about 200 days out of a year, therefore you are probably having sex with men.

Regulating Marriage
Endogamy-marriage within the same group
Exogamy-marriage outside of a group -
Cousin Marriage-

• Very common throughout the world
• 20% of all marriages world-wide are to cousins
• Patrilateral parallel cousin (Arabic - 46% in Iraq for example, also Ancient Greece)
• Parallel cousin: child of a father's brother or a mother's sister
• Cross Cousin: Child of a mother's brother or a father's sister
  

Forms of Marriage (monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, group)

• Monogamy: 1 spouse. Most common but not the most preferred.

• Polygamy: More than one spouse (polygyny or polyandry)

Two types:

• Polygyny ("many Gennys") - marriage with more than one wife.
  • most preferred 80-85% of world societies
  • Common where women do much of the work
  • or where there is a shortage of males
  • only the richest where men do most work
  • often welcomed by women

• Polyandry("many Andys") - marriage with more than one husband. example from Tibet/Nepal
  • Chart showing how polyandry works in Nepal to keep the family land in one piece:

• Group Marriage: marriage with multiple husbands and wives: very rare.
  • Not even a good solid example except communes like the Oneida community in New York 1848-1880.
  • but see Polyamory in America
  • Not passed on by traditions
    
• Fictive marriage: Marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heirs.

Also mentioned: Same-Sex Marriage

Anthropological definition of marriage a union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws.
Bride-price NOT ABOUT BUYING AND SELLING WOMEN Must be understood in a broader cultural context, which takes into account the differences between societies structured around gift-giving and those structured around a market economy.
Forming a bond across two families for life.

• Must ask for parents permission to marry; parents charge a bride-price
• Gift exchanges will likely go on for the entire lifetime
• Man's family gives to woman's
• Common where women's work is highly valued
• Often egalitarian society (Papua New Guinea)
• Think of women in marriage as "gifts" rather than commodities, they bridge relationships between families.

Dowry Giving the bride and her new family her share of the family wealth at marriage.

• Women's family give to mans
• Common where men do most of the work
• Often stratified (India)

Bride Service: A designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride's family

Arranged marriage Love and Marriage have not ALWAYS gone together like a horse and carriage.

• Emphasis on uniting 2 families (not 2 people)
• Especially common when transfer of wealth is at stake, so mostly (and still seen) with wealth or royal families
• Love is possible but not primary motivation for marriage
• Often go with gift cultures, rather than commodities
• Video gave comparison to sugar cane. The top of the cane is watery and as you get farther down, it becomes sweeter so love in arranged marriages starts out shallow and grows deeper with the years.

Structural History of Romantic Love Marriage A structural history of love to suggest how love and marriage ultimately came together. History: one thing that happens after another Structural history: how social and cultural aspects influenced each other
Ideas of love are very old (go back about 800yrs), but love and marriage didn't go together until about the 17th century.

Structural History

• Increased division of labor
• Market economy (commodity culture)
• Increased individualism (mobility, there is a need to find a whole),
• Increased freedom and anomie (too many choices, lost)
• Romantic love marriage: started amongst the poor

In gift cultures you tend to end up with arranged marriage In commodity cultures you tend to end up with love marriage (Conspicuous consumption) Characteristics of love as illustrated by Tristan and Isolde story

1. Status is not important-love is not tarnished by $
2. Sudden and unexpected
3. Makes you crazy- Tristan's comments about accepting Hell's fire just for Isolde's love
4. Painful
5. Divine

C.S. Lewis said love was the biggest challenge for the church

Know WHY I recited all those lyrics from Beyonce and others Professor Wesch did this to show our cultural importance of love, and this also pointed out that it is indescribable. There are so many songs about love, but it's never really defined or explained that well. (ex Jay-z, Beyonce, James Blunt, Gym Class Heroes, Randy Travis, Timbaland, The Beatles)
Each of the songs were contemporary poetry to prove each of the characteristics of love.




Cross-cultural differences in beauty standards When Professor Wesch and his wife asked the women in PNG what they think they look like and what they would like to look like (on that 1-9 scale of woman of different sizes), they all said they thought they were skinnier than they'd like to be. The large woman, motherly figure is how they define beauty, while in America it is the total opposite.
Example - Killing Us Softly, Jean Kilbourne - the idea of what today's society sees as beautiful (breast size and body image)

• Dove campaign= love yourself for who you are (note professor Wesch's video about Dove being run by Unilever, which also produces axe, sending mixed messages)

• The media is killing us from the inside, telling us that we're not beautiful.

Families & Kinship: Globalization of Love Marriage (why)

• Media Messages
• Missionization (religions often sport nuclear families)
• Change in infrastructure leads to a change in social structure

Residence patterns

1. Patrilocal-67% move in with husband's father's family's houseWar internal

   -common where men do a lot of the work, in Ag. societies or where war has come to the culture (local)

2. Matrilocal-15% move in with wife's familywar external

   -common where war is far away, in horticulture societies where women work together
   

3. Ambilocal-7% move in with either side's family with more resources
   

   -common where land or resources are scarce

4. Avenculocal-5% move in with husbands mother's brother
5. Neolocal-4% don't move in with extended family. Move out on their own
   

   -literally means "new location"

6. Natalocal-2% husband and wife stay with their families and don't live together

FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD:
Distinction between a conjugal and consanguineal family:

• Household: the basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter
  are organized and carried out
• Conjugal Family: A family established through marriage
• Consanguineal family: A family of "blood relatives" consisting of related women, their brothers, and the women's offspring
  

Forms of the Family

• Nuclear-A group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, step-siblings, and adopted children. (Until recently this term referred only to the father- mother- child(ren) unit.
• Extended-Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group.
• Polygamous

Different challenges faced by different forms of the family (see text)
Housing and Culture Supplies, living style, materials
Nacirema housing layout and the values it reflects

1. Public/Private (Hallway to close of to bedrooms vs. dining and living room for public)
2. Individualism (children have their own rooms)
3. Romantic Love (master bedroom often separated from rest)
4. Independence (own certain things we only use 1 or 2x a year so we don't have to rely on others)

Descent Groups (patrilineal, matrilineal, ambilineal etc.) Descent group- any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor Common functions of descent groups

1. Own land/valuables together
2. Mutual Aid in marriage, work and/or conflict

Clan-exact relationship unknown but siblings believe they share a paternal ancestor sometime in the distant past Totemism-trace ancestry back to particular object, animal, etc.

• Considered by some to be the first religion

• Example: Stacdliwusk (KSU wildcats) and professor Wesch's Willie impression

Kinship Terminology Systems (know how they reflect broader cultural values and processes)

• Kinship- a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations
• Eskimo System- Kinship reckoning in which the nuclear family is emphasized by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin. Also referred to as lineal system.
• Hawaiian System-Kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term.
• Iroquois System- Kinship reckoning in which a father and father's brother are referred to by a single term, as are a mother and a mother's sister, but a father's sister and mother's brother are given separate terms. Parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters, while cross cousins are classified separately but not equated with relatives of some other generation.

Social Organization
Egalitarian-Societies in which everyone has about equal rank, access to, and power over basic resources. Stratification-Societies in which people are hierarchically divided and ranked into social strata, or layers, and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival, influence, and prestige
Class-A category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation.
Caste (in India and among Sikhs)A closed social class in a stratified society in which membership is determined by birth and fixed for life.
Mobility-Upward or downward change in one’s social class position in a stratified society

Ideology-Ideas and ideals that legitimize the current order as the "natural order of things" and blind us to certain realities.

Gender Stratification/Age Stratification

1. Age grade- An organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime
2. Age set- A formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through the series of age-grade categories together

Inequality in America Class Warfare in America Bill Moyers talking about "Class War". We started by asking whether or not classes even exist in America. We ended by finding that not only do they exist, some are saying that they are at war with one another.

The following chart represents some common (but not universal) correlations we see in cultures throughout the world:

Subsistence	Characteristics	Family	Residence	Kinship	Descent
Indus./Foraging	Mobility	Nuclear	Neolocal	Eskimo	Bilateral
Agriculture	Men Work	Extended	Patrilocal	Iroquois	Patrilineal
Horticulture	Women Work	Extended	Matrilocal	Crow	Matrilineal
	Internal War	Extended	Patrilocal	Iroquois	Patrilineal
	Scarcity	Nuc/Ext	Ambilocal	Hawaiian	Ambilineal
Pastoral	Men Work	Extended	Patrilocal	Iroquois	Patrilineal